Supplementary Files
How to Cite
Abstract
Objective: The coronavirus pandemic has emphasized stay-at-home and social distancing policies. Since the beginning of the outbreak of COVID-19, there has been a declining trend of hospital mortality indicating that the pandemic might keep patients from seeking emergency care in a hospital setting. This study was carried out to determine the mortality trends pre-COVID and pandemic periods in a tertiary care hospital.
Methods:
Study design: Retrospective observational study
Place and Duration: 1st January 2019 to December 2021 at Federal Government Polyclinic (FGPC) Hospital Islamabad
It was a retrospective review done on death data of pre-COVID (January-December 2019) and pandemic(January 2020-December 2021) period. Data on death was retrieved from medical male and female wards, medical ICU and isolation ward. The mortality rate was measured for both pre-COVID and pandemic periods along with co-morbid for the pandemic period. Descriptive statistics were measured with the SPSS software version. 23. Association with age, gender and mortality was observed using a chi-square test taking p value ≤ 0.05 as significant.
Result: In this study of the 366 deaths, the average age of patients in the pre-COVID and pandemic era was57.40±17.910 and 64.31±16.065 respectively. The males and females were 50.9% and 49.1% in the pre-COVID period while 61.5% and 38.5% in the pandemic period. The frequency of deaths was 46.7% in the pre COVID and 53.3% in the pandemic period with a p-value <0.05. Patients with co-morbid died more in the pandemic era.
Conclusion: It was observed that hospital mortality trends were in decline during the COVID-19 pandemic in our setting which may be associated with lockdown, decreased access to the hospitals or fear of going to hospital.
References
Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. The Lancet. 2022; 399(10334):1513-36.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
Zylke JW, Bauchner H. Mortality and Morbidity: The Measure of a Pandemic. J Am Med Assoc. 2020; 324(5):458–459. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.11761.
Khan M, Adil SF, Alkhathlan HZ, Tahir MN, Saif S, Khan M, et al. COVID-19: A Global Challenge with Old History, Epidemiology and Progress So Far. Molecules. 2020;26:39.DOI:10.3390/molecules26010039
Karlinsky A, Kobak D. Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic with the World Mortality Dataset. eLife. 2021;10: e69336.DOI:10.7554/eLife.69336
World Health Organization (WHO). Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19–21 December 2021. Online: World Health Organization (WHO).2021.
Ghuman RS, Bhullar AS. Economic Growth and Human Development in South Asia: Experience of Selected Countries. University of New Mexico Digital Repository. 2010: 1-43.
Ahmad S, Lucero-Prisno III DE, Essar MY, Khan H, Ahmadi A. Pakistan and COVID-19: The mystery of the flattened curve. J Glob Health. 2021;11: 03013.DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.03013
Sarfaraz S, Shaikh Q, Saleem SG, Rahim A, Herekar FF, JunejoS,et al. Determinants of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19; a prospective cohort study from Pakistan. PLoS One. 2021 May 27;16(5):e0251754doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0251754
World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 situation updates for week 50 (12–18 December 2021).Epidemic and pandemic-prone diseases. 2021.
Rennert-May E, Leal J, Thanh NX, Lang E, Dowling S, Manns B, Wasylak T, Ronksley PE. The impact of COVID-19 on hospital admissions and emergency department visits: A population-based study. PLoS One. 2021 Jun 1;16(6):e0252441.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0252441
Wong L, Hawkins J, Langness S, Murrell K, Iris P, Sammann A.Where are all the patients? Addressing COVID-19 fead to encourage sick patients to seek emergency care. N Engl J Med 2020;1:1-23.DOI: 10.1056/CAT.20.0193
Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima I, Nunes J, Saraiva J, de Souza R, et al. The emotional impact of Coronavirus2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112915. DOI.10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Kwok ESH, Clapham G, Calder-Sprackman S. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Visits at a Canadian Academic Tertiary Care Center. West J Emerg Med. 2021 Jul 19;22(4):851-859.DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2021.2.49626.
Samidurai A, Das A. Cardiovascular complications associated with COVID-19 and potential therapeutic strategies. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020 Sep 16;21(18):6790.DOI:10.3390/ijms21186790.
Rattka M, Dreyhaupt J, Winsauer C,Stuhler L, Baumhardt M, Thiessen K, et al Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality of patients with STEMI: a systematic review and metanalysis. Heart. 2021; 107: 482-87.DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318360
Gramegna M, Baldetti L, Beneduce A, Pannone L, Falasconi G, Calvo F, et al. ST-Segment–Elevation myocardial infarction during COVID-19 pandemic: Insights From a Regional Public Service Healthcare Hub. CircCardiovasc Interv.2020;13(8):e009413.doi.10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.009413
Bwire GM. Coronavirus: why men are more vulnerable to Covid-19 than women?. SN comprehensive clinical medicine. 2020 Jul;2(7):874-6.DOI:10.1007/s42399-020-00341-w
Laxminarayan R, Wahl B, Dudala SR, Gopal K, Mohan B C, Neelima S, Jawahar Reddy KS, Radhakrishnan J, Lewnard JA. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states. Science. 2020 Nov 6;370(6517):691-7.DOI: 10.1126/science.abd7672
Mabood J, Hamza Khan SU, Ahmad I, Nouman M, Ullah HE, Shahi A, Burki G. Demographic Factors and Co Morbidities Associated with Post Covid-19 Recovery among Admitted Patients in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences. 2022;16(11):468-.DOI: 10.53350/pjmhs20221611468
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalizedpatients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan,China. J Am Med Assoc. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1061-9.DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
Gasmi A, Peana M, Pivina L, Srinath S, Benahmed, AG, Semenova Y, et al. Interrelations between COVID-19 and other disorders. ClinImmunol (Orlando, Fla.). 2021; 224, 108651.DOI.10.1016/j.clim.2020.108651.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
Banerjee A, Chen S, Pasea L, Lai AG, Katsoulis M, Denaxas S, Nafilyan V, Williams B, Wong WK, Bakhai A, Khunti K. Excess deaths in people with cardiovascular diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. European journal of preventive cardiology. 2021 Nov 1;28(14):1599-609.DOI. 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa155.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323:1239-42.DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
Santi L, Golinelli D, Tampieri A, Farina G, Greco M, Rosa S, Beleffi M, Biavati B, Campinoti F, Guerrini S, Ferrari R. Non-COVID-19 patients in times of pandemic: Emergency department visits, hospitalizations and cause-specific mortality in Northern Italy. Plos one. 2021 Mar 22;16(3):e0248995.DOI.10.1371/journal.pone.0248995.
De Filippo O, D’Ascenzo F, Angelini F, Bocchino PP, Conrotto F, Saglietto A, Secco GG, Campo G, Gallone G, Verardi R, Gaido L. Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during Covid-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020 Jul 2;383(1):88-9.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2009166.
O'Donohue LS, Fletcher-Gutowski S, Sidhu A, Verma A, Phillips TC, Misra PG. Mask use among health care workers and feelings of safety at work pre- and post- COVID-19 vaccine. Am J Infect Control. 2022 May;50(5):503-508.DOI. 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.11.009.
Riggs R, McDowell CP, De Looze C, Kenny RA, Ward M. Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2021 Nov;22(11):2251-2257.DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.09.003.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hareema Saeed Khan, Savida Ilyas Dar, Tayyaba Faisal, Faridullah Shah, Rabbia Aslam, Maheen Asim